Introduction
Skin infections are common in all age groups. They can be caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses. Most of them are not serious but can be uncomfortable, itchy, or embarrassing. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications and spread to others.
1. Tinea (Fungal Skin Infection)
What is it?
Tinea, also known as ringworm, is a fungal infection of the skin. Despite the name, it has nothing to do with worms. It is caused by a group of fungi called dermatophytes.
Types of Tinea:
- Tinea corporis: Affects the body; round, red, itchy patches with clear centers.
- Tinea cruris (jock itch): Affects the groin area, especially in males.
- Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot): Affects feet, especially between the toes.
- Tinea capitis: Affects the scalp, mostly in children.
- Tinea unguium (onychomycosis): Affects nails, making them thick, brittle, or discolored.
How does it spread?
Through direct contact with infected people, animals, or objects like towels, combs, and floors.
Treatment:
- Antifungal creams (e.g., clotrimazole, terbinafine) for skin.
- Oral antifungal tablets for scalp and nail infections or widespread disease.
- Keep the area clean and dry.
2. Bacterial Skin Infections
a. Impetigo
- Common in children.
- Caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria.
- Presents as red sores that burst and form honey-colored crusts.
- Spreads easily with touch.
Treatment:
Antibiotic creams or oral antibiotics.
b. Cellulitis
- A deeper bacterial infection of skin and soft tissue.
- Causes redness, swelling, warmth, and pain.
- Can occur anywhere, often in legs.
- Needs prompt treatment to prevent serious complications.
Treatment:
Oral or IV antibiotics depending on severity.
3. Viral Skin Infections
a. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
- Causes cold sores or genital sores.
- Painful blisters that can recur.
Treatment:
Antiviral medicines like acyclovir.
b. Molluscum Contagiosum
- Small, painless, flesh-colored bumps with a central dimple.
- Caused by a poxvirus.
- Common in children and spreads with skin contact.
Treatment:
Often clears on its own. In some cases, minor procedures or creams are used.
c. Warts (Verruca)
- Caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
- Common on hands, feet, and genitals.
- Rough surface, can be single or multiple.
Treatment:
Salicylic acid, cryotherapy (freezing), or minor surgery.
4. Parasitic Skin Infestations
What causes them?
Mites or lice that infest the skin or hair.
Examples:
- Scabies – Intense itching, especially at night; caused by mites burrowing into skin.
- Head lice (Pediculosis capitis) – Itchy scalp and visible lice or nits.
- Body lice and pubic lice – Spread by close contact or infested clothing.
Treatment:
Medicated creams, shampoos, and washing clothes/bedding in hot water.
5. Inflammatory and Allergic Skin Conditions
These are not infections but often confused with them.
Examples:
- Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) – Red, dry, itchy patches.
- Contact Dermatitis – Skin reaction to irritants/allergens (like nickel or detergents).
- Psoriasis – Red, scaly patches with silvery scales; autoimmune in nature.
- Seborrheic Dermatitis – Dandruff or red, greasy patches, especially on scalp and face.
- Urticaria (Hives) – Sudden itchy welts due to allergy or unknown causes.
- Lichen Planus – Flat, purplish, itchy bumps.
- Vitiligo – Loss of skin pigment, causing white patches (non-infectious but noticeable).
Treatment:
Depends on the cause – may include moisturizers, steroid creams, antihistamines, or immune-modulating drugs.
6. Acne and Oil Gland Disorders
Common in teenagers and adults.
Examples:
- Acne Vulgaris – Blackheads, whiteheads, pimples.
- Rosacea – Redness and bumps on the face, especially cheeks and nose.
Treatment:
Cleansing, topical antibiotics or retinoids, hormonal treatment if needed.
7. Pigmentation Disorders
Not infections, but commonly noticed skin changes.
Examples:
- Melasma – Brown patches on face due to sun, pregnancy, or hormones.
- Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation – Dark spots after pimples or injuries.
Treatment:
Sun protection, lightening creams, dermatological procedures.
Prevention Tips
- Maintain good hygiene.
- Bathe daily and wear clean clothes.
- Avoid sharing towels, combs, and personal items.
- Keep skin dry, especially in body folds.
- Moisturize dry skin regularly.
- See a doctor for proper diagnosis before using any cream.
Conclusion
Skin conditions are common and mostly treatable. Recognizing early signs and knowing when to seek medical care can prevent discomfort, spreading, and complications. Avoid using over-the-counter steroid creams without medical advice, especially for fungal or unknown rashes.