Introduction Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common enzymatic disorder of red blood cells (RBCs) worldwide, affecting over 400 million people. It is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner and is particularly prevalent in malaria-endemic regions. While many individuals…
Introduction Infant botulism is a rare but potentially life-threatening neuromuscular disorder that occurs in infants, typically under one year of age. It is caused by neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum, an anaerobic, spore-forming gram-positive bacillus. Unlike foodborne botulism in adults,…
Abstract Candidial intertrigo is a superficial fungal infection that affects intertriginous areas—regions where skin folds rub together and retain moisture. It is commonly caused by Candida albicans and presents as erythematous, macerated plaques with satellite pustules. The condition is particularly…
Abstract Hypokalemic paralysis is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition characterized by acute onset of muscle weakness due to significantly low serum potassium levels. While it can arise from various etiologies, certain medications such as loop diuretics and beta-agonists can…
Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium implicated in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, and gastric carcinoma. The Rapid Urease Test (RUT) is a commonly used, cost-effective, and quick diagnostic test to detect the presence…
Introduction: Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are a widely used and reliable method of contraception. However, their effectiveness can be compromised by drug interactions. A notable example is the interaction between OCPs and anti-tubercular therapy, specifically rifampicin, a cornerstone drug in…
IntroductionHeart failure and certain types of hypertension often require multiple medications to manage effectively. Among the therapeutic options, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, are frequently used. When combined, these two drug classes can offer synergistic…
Introduction Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump blood efficiently to meet the body’s needs. It leads to symptoms like fatigue, breathlessness, swelling, and frequent hospitalizations. In recent years, a group of medications called SGLT2 inhibitors—originally used for diabetes—have…
Introduction Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a rare, genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by a constellation of features affecting multiple organ systems. It is primarily inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and classified as a ciliopathy, due to defective function of primary…
Introduction The Finger-Nose Test is a classic neurological examination used to evaluate cerebellar coordination and proprioception. It is simple yet highly valuable in detecting cerebellar dysfunction and is commonly performed in both routine clinical assessments and in neurology-specific evaluations. Purpose…
